Acute Kidney Injury Aki Health And Social Care Essay

Intense Kidney Injury Aki Health And Social Care Essay The primary depiction of ARF, at that point named ischuria renalis, was by William Heberden in 1802.25 At the start of the twentieth century, ARF, at that point named Acute Brights sickness, was all around portrayed in William Oslers Textbook for Medicine (1909), as an outcome of harmful operators, pregnancy, copies, injury, or procedure on the kidneys. During the First World War the condition was namedwar nephritis26, and was accounted for in a few distributions. The disorder was overlooked until the Second World War, when Bywaters and Beall distributed their traditional paper on pulverize syndrome.27 However, it is Homer W. Smith who is credited for the presentation of the term intense renal disappointment, in a section on Acute renal disappointment identified with horrible wounds in his course book The kidney-structure and capacity in wellbeing and ailment (1951). Sadly, an exact biochemical meaning of ARF was never proposed and, up to this point, there was no agreement on the dem onstrative models or clinical meaning of ARF, bringing about numerous various definitions. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION Intense kidney injury (AKI) is a mutable condition of fluctuated seriousness. It is portrayed by a quick (hours to weeks) decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and maintenance of nitrogenous waste items, for example, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.2,3 as of late, it has been perceived that the respected term intense renal disappointment (ARF) neglects to enough depict what is a powerful procedure reaching out across commencement, support, and recuperation stages, every one of which might be of variable length and seriousness. The term intense renal disappointment proposes that the condition is dichotomous and places an undue accentuation on whether renal capacity has clearly fizzled. This misrepresents the now entrenched truth that even mellow decrements in glomerular filtration might be related with unfavorable clinical outcomes.28-32 The option proposed term intense kidney injury has a lot to suggest it, maybe better catches the various idea of this disorder, a nd has gone into across the board clinical use. Verifiably, patients with AKI have been named being nonoliguric (pee yield >400 mL/day), oliguric (urinary out-put <400 mL/day), or anuric (urinary yield <100 mL/day).33 Lower levels of urinary yield regularly mirror a progressively serious starting injury, have suggestions for volume over-burden and electrolyte unsettling influences, and are of prognostic significance. Be that as it may, the helpful control of the pee yield doesn't improve this prognostic affiliation. For reasons for conclusion and the board, AKI has been partitioned into three categories34 1. Illnesses portrayed by renal hypoperfusion in which the uprightness of renal parenchymal tissue is safeguarded (prerenal states), 2. Maladies including renal parenchymal tissue (intrarenal AKI or inherent AKI), and 3. Ailments related with intense obstacle of the urinary tract (postrenal or obstructive AKI). Most intense characteristic AKI is brought about by ischemia or nephrotoxins and is traditionally connected with ATN. AKI may happen in somebody either with already typical renal capacity or as an intense and unforeseen crumbling in work in the setting of recently settled interminable kidney illness. The etiology and result of AKI is intensely impacted by the conditions in which it happens, for example, regardless of whether it creates in the network or in the emergency clinic. It is likewise imperative to recognize whether the kidney injury happens as a secluded procedure, which is progressively regular in network obtained AKI, or on the off chance that it happens as part as an increasingly broad multiorgan condition. In the previous setting, the executives is regularly, at any rate at first, preservationist and follows a hopeful methodology conceding renal substitution treatment whenever the situation allows while anticipating the unconstrained recuperation of renal capacity. On account of a basically sick patient with multiorgan disappointment, dialysis might be initiated a lot before, on the grounds that the objective isn't just control of azotemia but instead one of renal help trying to improve the subjects physiologic parameters.35 In excess of 35 unique meanings of AKI have been utilized in the ongoing literature.36 In 2004, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)1,19-23 gathering, including specialists in the fields of nephrology and basic consideration medication, distributed the RIFLE characterization, another accord and proof based definition for AKI.1 The RIFLE order characterizes three evaluations of seriousness of AKI (Risk, Injury and Failure) in view of changes to serum creatinine and pee yield and two clinical results (Loss, End-stage). The arrangement framework incorporates separate standards for creatinine and pee yield (UO). A patient can satisfy the rules through changes in serum creatinine (SCreat) or changes in UO, or both. The measures that lead to the most noticeably awful conceivable arrangement ought to be utilized. The abbreviation RIFLE represents the expanding seriousness classes Risk, Injury, and Failure; and the two result classes, Loss and End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The three seriousness grades are characterized based on the progressions in SCr or pee yield where the most noticeably terrible of every model is utilized. The two result rules, Loss and ESRD, are characterized by the span of loss of kidney function.As of mid 2010, over a large portion of a million patients have been concentrated to assess the RIFLE measures as a methods for ordering patients with AKI.37-39 In 2007, the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), a universal system of AKI analysts, composed a culmination of nephrology and basic consideration social orders from around the globe. The gathering embraced the RIFLE models with a little alteration to remember little changes for SCr (> 0.3 mg/dl or > 26.5 mmol/l) when they happen inside a 48-hour period.24 Two late examinations analyzing enormous databases in the USA40 and Europe41 approved these adjusted rules. Thakar et al. discovered that expanded seriousness of AKI was related with an expanded danger of death free of comorbidity.40 Demonstrative models for intense kidney injury24 A sudden (inside 48 hours) decrease in kidney work right now characterized as a flat out increment in serum creatinine of more than or equivalent to 0.3 mg/dl (≠¥ 26.4 ÃŽ ¼mol/l), a rate increment in serum creatinine of more than or equivalent to half (1.5-overlay from pattern), or a decrease in pee yield (reported oliguria of under 0.5 ml/kg every hour for over six hours). A significant test in the examination and the executives of AKI is the ideal acknowledgment of the disorder. It stays hard to effectively and dependably measure fast changes in the GFR. In spite of the fact that the seriousness in decrease in GFR corresponds with the beginning of oliguria, the last is heartless marker of the condition in light of the fact that numerous subjects with extreme renal disappointment remain nonoliguric. In AKI, there is poor understanding between serum creatinine and GFR, in any event until a serum creatinine consistent state is reached, and, after its all said and done, the total ascent in serum creatinine must consider contrasts in creatinine age rates.42 accordingly, meanings of AKI that depend on a fixed addition in serum creatinine would be required to be one-sided toward making an early analysis in very much ripped as contrasted and malnourished subjects or in men as contrasted and ladies. Creatinine clearances, particularly when estimated over a bri ef timeframe casing, for example, 2 to 4 hours, has some utility yet may considerably overestimate GFR at low degrees of renal capacity attributable to a generally high extent of cylindrical discharge. Indeed, even the utilization of markers, for example, iothalamate to gauge GFR might be less exact in the intense when contrasted with the ceaseless setting owing with adjustments in their volume of dispersion just as issues identifying with cylindrical deterrent and backleak. Occurrence Intense kidney injury is a typical and significant indicative and helpful test for clinicians.43The frequency of AKI is hard to evaluate on the grounds that no library of its event exists and in light of the fact that as of not long ago there was no normalized definition. From an assortment of overwhelmingly single focus contemplates it is assessed that 5% to 7% of hospitalized patients create AKI.44-47 More point by point data is accessible with respect to its improvement in the emergency unit condition, where roughly 25% to 30% of unselected patients build up some level of AKI, albeit again gauges shift extensive relying upon the definition utilized and the populace casemix. Renal substitution treatment is ordinarily required in 5% to 6% of the general ICU populace or 8.8 to 13.4 cases per 100,000 populace/year.30,43,48-53 AKI is likewise a significant clinical confusion in the creating scene, especially in the setting of diarrheal sicknesses, irresistible ailments like jungle feve r and leptospirosis, and cataclysmic events, for example, seismic tremors. The rate of AKI has developed by more than fourfold in the United States since 1988 and is evaluated to have a yearly occurrence of 500 for each 100,000 populace, higher than the yearly rate of stroke. AKI is related with an extraordinarily expanded danger of death in hospitalized people, especially in those admitted to the ICU where in-medical clinic death rates may surpass 50%.44 AKI IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD The study of disease transmission of AKI contrasts immensely among created and creating nations, attributable to contrasts in socioeconomics, financial matters, geology, and comorbid sickness trouble. While certain highlights of AKI are basic to both-especially since urban focuses of some creating nations progressively take after those in the created world-numerous etiologies for AKI are area explicit, for example, envenomations from snakes, bugs, caterpillars, and honey bees; irresistible causes, for example, jungle fever and leptospirosis; and squash wounds and resultant rhabdomyolysis from earthquakes.44Factors liable for this higher occurrence of AKI in the tropics remember hot atmosphere for con

Five Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review

Question: Express the reason for the examination, distinguish the issue and recognize, depict, and evaluate for fittingness any exploration destinations, questions, or speculations. On the off chance that there are none, recommend how those may be expressed. Answer: Motivation behind the investigation, and ID of the issue The meaning of nursing is changing in todays time. There are some notorious good examples in nursing calling. Because of this a few attendants picked their calling and attempt to follow the rule given by their good examples. In any case, in todays time, just a couple of attendants can satisfy the hopes of the patients. The idea of minding among medical attendants and patients is additionally evolving (Nursingworld.org, 2015). The paper audits a test to decide the hole between idea of care of medical attendants and patients. Assessment of given writing audit The pre-owned articles are significant. The past hypotheses and studies are depicted. All the references are not current. Some are inside the time range of 1980 and 2000. 16 references are from the most recent ten years. No sources are from the most recent 5 years. There is no specific information on connection between care, results and wellbeing. There is no sureness of whether medical caretakers and patients have a similar meaning of care. Assessment and scrutinize of study structure The structure is unequivocally communicated. In here, the system depends on meaningful hypothesis. It distinguishes and depicts connection between the ideas of intrigue. The structure thinks about information on nursing. In the nursing calling appropriate information on patients see on various angles are significant. There is a distinction in assessments of attendant and patient in regards to the consideration given by the medical caretaker. The system is done to survey this hypothesis. Suitability of research objective. The examination destinations were proper. Investigate of variable. Free factors are patient and medical attendants. Subordinate factors are caring conduct. Scrutinize of qualities and segment factors Segment variable was age of the patients. Study of the exploration plan. By inquire about plan of any investigation we mean is its examination type. It might be graphic, audit, exploratory, meta-expository. The subtypes incorporate factors, speculation, investigate question, exploratory structure (Khalid S Khan, 2003). The structure concentrate for this situation is an audit. In particular, it is a deliberate survey. Gathering was finished concurring o patients and medical attendants. Some pilot reads were utilized for structuring this examination. The current examination was on discoveries of pilot study Portrayal and investigate of the example and setting. Research considers which were quantitative and had medical caretakers and patients recognitions were remembered for the investigation. The examinations were from logical diaries. There was an unnecessary measure of studies yet those were not utilized. The members must be grown-ups. The setting was constantly a medical clinic or establishment. Quantitative research plans were followed. From the outset, literary works were scanned for with the goal that the pertinent articles were picked. An absolute number of 262 articles were delivered. The titles were screened for. Titles which were superfluous were rejected. The staying 98 articles were picked for the following stage. Copies were considered as well. At that point, an assessment was finished. Modified works were checked for incorporation models. The ones gathering the standards went on to the following stage. In the last stage, 51 articles were examined. No additional data was found via looking through the references. 29 articles were focused on for quality checking. The 29 articles were perused and assessed by an agenda. A portion of the examinations were avoided that was not meeting incorporation standards. 5 articles were along these lines barred. To watch that the prohibition was only, the articles were understood twice. No issue was found. The articles at last picked had in it the mindful conduct. The articl es had writer, distribution date, point of study, test size, subtleties of populace. Blend of information was then done by account approach. 23 articles were inspected. By power examination assurance of test size is done which is done to get successful outcomes (Statmethods.net, 2015). No force investigation was done in the examination. The examples picked had a few information on view of medical attendant and patient about caring conduct. Now and then members drop out of the investigations being done. This is called test mortality (Yu, 2015). In the current investigation there was no example mortality. Mortality markers are age-explicit rate in death, driving causes behind death (Rand.org, 2002). This methodical survey followed the Center for Reviews and Disseminations direction. The investigation was set by thinking about countless confirmations accumulated from explore articles. The setting was fitting for the examination on the grounds that in the investigation, an audit was to be set up on the examination subject. Study of the estimation instrument. Perception technique was utilized for the orderly audit. Ostensible degree of estimation was accomplished. Q-strategy and Care-Q instruments were utilized here. In this orderly audit, 18 of the 23 examinations utilized the Q-system. Rest utilized different instruments. These were Caring Behavior Assessment (CBA), the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI), and the Caring Dimensions Inventory (CDI). The instruments are solid and legitimate. Technique for information assortment. Q-system and Care-Q instrument were utilized. Scrutinize of the factual examinations utilized. Spearmans relationship, t-test, ANOVA was utilized. These are the study of investigating and introducing information (Fao.org, 2015). Various degrees of criticalness were accomplished. The focal point of every investigation was on contrasts among medical attendants and patients angles. The measurable methodology utilized were t-test, Analysis of fluctuation, Spearmans connection. The measurements are t, F and rho. At times explicit outcomes and likelihood were found. Motivation behind examination Measurable strategy Measurement Result Likelihood (p) contrasts between the impression of medical attendant and patient t-test t Not given p = 0 .0001 contrasts in the solace, relationship subscales, open, foresees and trusting Examination of fluctuation F Not given p = 0.05 Relationship for medical attendants and patients gathering Spearmans relationship rho 0.94 Not given Study of the analysts understanding of discoveries. The constraint was that a few investigations utilized for the audit had little examples. Another restriction was that proportion of the two gatherings observations about minding by the quantitative technique were just taken. The paper is helpful in giving a thought on impression of caring conduct. The paper can be valuable for instructive projects for medical caretakers. Further research should be accomplished for additional information about connection among patient and medical attendant in connection with care. References: Khalid S Khan, G. (2003). Five stages to directing a precise review.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, [online] 96(3), p.118. Accessible at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539417/[Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Nursingworld.org,. (2015).Nursing at its Best: Competent and Caring. Recovered 30 June 2015, from https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No2-May-2011/Articles-Previous-Topics/Nursing-at-its-Best.aspx Rand.org, (2002).Mortality and Sample Selection: Reply to Noymer | RAND. [online] Available at: https://www.rand.org/bars/reprints/RP1000.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Statmethods.net, (2015).Quick-R: Power Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.statmethods.net/details/power.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Yu, D. (2015).Threats to legitimacy of Research Design. [online] Web.pdx.edu. Accessible at: https://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/download/PA555/ResearchDesign.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015]. Fao.org, (2015).6 BASIC STATISTICAL TOOLS. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/w7295e/w7295e08.htm [Accessed 1 Jul. 2015].

Whats Up With The Mail!

Whats Up With The Mail! Honestly, Im not entirely sure. But Ill tell you everything I know. I know that many of you havent heard yet, and that its enormously frustrating. For this I wholeheartedly apologize. Please hang in there for us; your decision should arrive any day. I know that your frustration is compounded by the fact that people in Alaska have received their decisions while people in Cambridge have not. I cant explain this, other than to say that (1) the Post Office is dealing with insane amounts of mail due to the holiday season, and (2) we had a major blizzard the day we mailed. Oh, and (3) the post office infrastructure seems to have its own reality, which doesnt always match up to ours. Some things I can actually clarify: We mailed all decisions (admitted, deferred, rejected) at the exact same time on Friday afternoon, 12/9/05. If someone received a piece of mail that was postmarked on 12/8/05, this was a postal error I can promise you that nothing left our office until 12/9. Based on a variety of factors, I can confidently say that as of this morning, not every admit has received his or her tube. So if you havent received anything yet, it does not mean automatic deferral or rejection. Applicants from the same school often receive their decisions on different days. This happens every year and rarely correlates with a specific type of decision (i.e. all admitted on monday, all deferred on tuesday, etc.) There is no rhyme or reason to the ways of the post office. Again, I know this is very frustrating for you all, and Im thinking about you guys. Hoping you all get your decisions today. EDIT Marty OBrien, the manager of MITs Mail Services, just checked in via a comment and I thought it would be best to paraphrase his comment here where more would see it. When the tubes and letters left our office on Friday afternoon, we in admissions expected that everything was going to be processed via first class mail. Unfortunately, the folks who handle the logistics of processing and inputting MIT mail into the Postal Service were able to process the tubes on Friday but not able to process the letters until Monday. This explains why so many more tubes have been received than letters at this juncture. I promise you that we were not made aware of this fact until one hour ago; otherwise I would have let you know before now. I feel terrible about this guys. We all do. Ill post further updates if they arise.

6 Myths and Fallacies About College Admissions

The college admissions process is competitive and frenzied enough without falling prey to its most insidious myths. Believing any of these lies adds anxiety to an already stressful process, says Josh Bottomly, a college admissions expert and associate director of college counseling at the Casady School, a private prep school in Oklahoma City. And it could actually result in your child being rejected by some or all of his top choice schools. Myth #1: Only Top Tier Schools Prepare People for Success The most pervasive myth in our culture is that only certain schools (aka Ivies) will prepare people for success, says Bottomly. The underlying idea is that if a student doesn’t graduate from a Top 20 Newsweek-rated college, then they won’t have opportunities for jobs, promotions, and influence. Well, tell that to over half of our U.S. Senators. They graduated from public universities. Tell that to 43 of the top 50 CEO’s in the world. They graduated from schools other than Ivies. Tell that to Condoleezza Rice – a graduate of the University of Denver. Or Steven Spielberg. He was rejected from USC three times. He graduated from Cal State Long Beach. Or Tom Hanks. He attended Chabot Community College. Part of the genius of America is that you can make your destiny by what you do, not where you go to college. Myth #2: A College Brochure in the Mailbox Means Something Too often, says Bottomly, parents and students will fall victim to college attract to reject marketing campaigns. Through a flurry of glossy brochures and enticing paraphernalia, colleges will dupe students into believing an acceptance letter ensues. The truth is, the college only wants the application. The more applications a college receives, the more it can reject. The more it rejects, the higher its ranking goes up. And let’s be honest: college rankings are to Newsweek what the swimsuit issue is to Sports Illustrated. Sex sells. So do rankings. Myth #3: Applying to More Schools Increases Ones Chances Sometimes, says Bottomly, I will run into a parent who thinks he or she has done the math: If my student applies to more selective schools, it will increase his chances of getting into one of them. My response: Imagine you’re an archer. The target stands 1000 feet away. The bull’s eye is the size of a pea. According to Bill Fitzsimmons, dean of admissions at Harvard, that’s your odds at getting into a Top 20 University – about 3% without an admissions advantage. The fallacy here is to think that if you apply to all 20 schools that you will broaden the bull’s eye. Fitzsimmons response: All a student has done is drawn a circle around the same pea-size target 20 times. My advice then: shorten the distance to the target and broaden the bull’s eye. The former means, you apply to more schools where your GPA and test scores (ACT or SAT) fall into the median range. The latter means you apply to at least six first choice schools where you are competit ive. By doing this, you will significantly increase your chances of hitting your target. Myth #4: Once you send in the application, youre done.Myth #5: Large universities offer more opportunities than small liberal arts colleges.Myth #6: Colleges are looking for well-rounded students.

Idealism and Realism Essay - 1792 Words

â€Å"In the place where idealism and realism meet, that is where there is the greatest evolutionary tension.† Idealism prioritizes ideals, social reforms and morals, by wanting to benefit not just yourself, but the world around you, believing people are generally good. On the contrary, realism gives priority to national interest and security with emphasis on promoting one’s own power and influence by assuming that people are egocentric by nature. Based on the definitions stated above, idealism and realism are significantly different from each other and their divergence of thought is more apparent when various proponents of each such as Woodrow Wilson, Henry Lodge, Barack Obama and George W. Bush have varied outlooks on comparable issues in†¦show more content†¦His idea of the League of Nations was significant because he believed if various countries worked together, there were fewer chances of violent conflicts such as wars. However, Wilson’s goals we re long term, but for the most part he did not present a clear way to achieve those goals. Tragically, his Fourteen Points were not accepted by Congress. Congress did not pass the proposal to join the League of Nations because Wilson had not included Congress in the negotiations. More importantly, the US did not join the League of Nations because the Senate was strictly against it, since they were more realists than idealists in the Senate and most people did not agree with Wilson’s ideas. Ultimately, Wilson did come up with the idea of the League of Nations, but the US never joined, which some say contributed to its’ failure. The biggest opposition to the US joining the League of Nations came from Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. His being a realist was very opposing to many of Wilson’s idealist concepts, which is why he was out front against the League of Nations. In particular, Lodge believed involvement in the League would compromise US sovereignty by necessitating the US to take part in international conflicts while it was not in the national interest of the US to do so. In addition, he also believed that being a part of the League of Nations would threaten the political freedom because the United States would be constricted byShow MoreRelatedIdealism, Realism, And Marxism1559 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do the theories we have looked at to this point (idealism, realism, Marxism) tell us about the prospects, and necessary conditions, for cooperation in international politics? International politics have been in our nation since the beginning of time. Nations have tried to work together and international politics have given many tries a cooperation. In today’s world conflict is always occurring. Many different world issues pop up every single day. 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The Double Helix †Character Guide Free Essays

Double Helix Readers Guide * Max Perutz – was the head of the unit where Crick works at Cambridge University. Perutz also shared important X-ray crystallography imagery with Watson and Crick that he had received from Maurice Wilkins and Franklin. Whether he was supposed to give this information to Watson and Crick without Franklin’s knowledge is unknown, nor is it entirely known how important her work was to the discovery of the structure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Double Helix – Character Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sir Lawrence Bragg – the head of the Cavendish laboratory at Cambridge university, met with much resistance from Watson and especially Crick. Bragg is the youngest ever Nobel prize winner, which he won for the discovery of the Bragg low of X-ray crystallography. Bragg also wrote the foreword to Watson’s book, adding dramatically to the respectability of the book. * John Kendrew – English educated, also worked in the Cavendish laboratory under the direction of Bragg. Worked closely with Perutz and shared the 1962 Nobel prize with him for their work on X-ray crystallography. Erwin Schrodinger – his book What is Life was a great inspiration to Watson, who agreed that many secrets can be uncovered if the scientific world dedicated itself to discovery of what the true secrets of life are * O. T. Avery – important because their research on DNA/protein after Griffiths experiment on the transforming factor, was decisive enough for Watson to believe that DN A was the genetic material (not protein as was believed) * Max Delbruck – pioneered bacteriophage research which allowed Hershey and Chase to conduct their experiments with radioactive labeling. Maurice Wilkins – was Rosalind Franklin’s partner in X-ray crystallography and played an important role in providing Watson with the B-structure of DNA that Franklin and Gosling had made. Franklin, Gosling and Wilkins all worked at King’s College, London. * Rosalind Franklin – Although Franklin had not agreed to the exchange Wilkins had made (providing of B-structure imagery to Watson), her work proved that DNA was helical and that the bases were on the inside with the sugar phosphates on the outside (as she had said all along). In short, her 3 contributions were crucial to Watson’s development of the model, although the B-model proved one of her theories wrong but several right. Furthermore, Watson and Franklin had a very heated relationship, which led to many heated debates and sometimes even conflicts. * Linus Pauling – the greatest chemist in the history of the United States, worked at Cal Tech and was the closest competition to Watson and Crick in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Famous for the discovery of the hydrogen bond and the alpha-helical structure of protein. He’s also famous for publishing a wrong model of DNA (three strands) for which he saw major public embarrassment. * Herman Kalkar – was the head of the laboratory in Copenhagen where Watson did phage research soon after he graduated. He did not enjoy his time in Copenhagen, which is why he left soon after getting there. * Salvador Luria – James Watson was Luria’s first graduate student at the University of Indiana. Luria would go on to do groundbreaking work with phages in biochemistry. He would later win the Nobel prize for medicine along with Hershey and Delbruck for their work on phages. J. T. Randall – was the head of the King’s College laboratory team with Wilkins as his deputy. He shared the 1962 Nobel prize with Watson and crick * Dorothy Hodgkin – was the other major female character in the book. Both of the women clearly struggled in a world that was heavily dominated by men. However, Hodgkin was known to get along with men mu ch better than Franklin. She said this was because of her gender, whereas Franklin experienced the opposite. Franklin and Hodgkin worked closely in the contemplation of the DNA structure. Both scientists were X-ray crystallographers. Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel prize for chemistry * Willy Seeds – was famous for calling Watson â€Å"honest Jim. † Worked with Maurice Wilkins in the King’s laboratory and was famous for his pioneering work on the DNA fibers. Him calling Watson honest Jim was clearly sarcasm because they King’s scientists were still bitter about Watson stealing their data to make his model * R. G. Gosling – this was Franklin’s lab partner at King’s College laboratory * Erwin Chargaff – discovered the bases in the purines and pyrimidines (double and single ring) and also discovered that A matches with T and C matches with G. Gave Watson an important clue in his model building, that he had to match the bases. * Al Hershey – was a scientist that was known for conducting the final proof of DNA being the hereditary material. Their experiment ended the race and assured the scientific world that DNA was the inherited material. * Martha Chase – was Hershey’s lab partner, and was one of the few other women in the scientific world * Peter Pauling – Linus’ son, came to study in London and Watson showed him around. In the process Peter gave Watson some important hints that his father was getting close to the discovery of the alpha helical structure. How to cite The Double Helix – Character Guide, Essay examples

The Causes Of World War I Essays - Causes Of World War I

The Causes of World War I The First World War had many causes; the historians probably have not yet discovered and discussed all of them so there might be more causes than what we know now. The spark of the Great War was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife by a Serbian nationalist on the morning of June 28, 1914, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the throne, he would continue the persecution of Serbs living within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However, it was uncovered years later that the leader of the Black Hand was also the head of Serbian military intelligence. In order to underezd the complexity of the causes of the war, it is very helpful to know what was the opinion of the contemporaries about the causes of the Great War. In the reprint of the article "What Started the War", from August 17, 1915 issue of The Clock magazine published on the Internet the author writes: "It is thought that this war that is been ongoing for over a year, began with the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. However, many other reasons led to this war, some occurring as far back the late 1800's. Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the system of alliances were four main factors that pressed the great powers towards this explosive war." According to the article above, the author stresses that the nationalism was one of the primary causes of the war. In the ninetieth and twentieth centuries, especially after the French Revolution nationalism was becoming a powerful force in Europe so people that had the same culture, language wanted their own country. And that was the problem for the government of Austria-Hungary that did not want to lose their power and control. The Slavs in the southern part of the empire were their main concern since they wanted to join up to Serbia. Militarism is the second cause according to the article above, which comes after the nationalism. To underezd what the author means by militarism one should be familiar with the situation of the world in the beginning of the century, which was the result of both industrial and democratic revolutions. Britain at that time was the largest empire in the world, and it also had the largest navy. The navy was so big and strong because the Britons needed to protect their empire and maintain the sea routes between the different colonies. The Kaiser William II of Germany hated and envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. He increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded with building more ships and increasing its navy too. This started a race for building more and better warships and it created tension and competition between those two countries. Imperialism and the system of alliances are the last two major causes of the War. There was a quarrel between France and Germany about controlling the colonies, and especially Morocco, which leads to a greater conflict, the Great War. Europe at that time was divided into two rival alliance systems: Triple Entente that included Great Britain, France, and Russia and the Triple Alliance, which included the Central Powers of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and eventually the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Austria-Hungary must take a large proportion of any blame for the outbreak of war in 1914. The reason for Germany's part in the causes involves Germany's "blank Check" policy. Before sending its ultimatum to Serbia, Austria needed to be sure of the support of its ally, Germany. Such support was forthcoming in the form of a telegram to the Emperor Franz Joseph on 6 July 1914. The telegram has become known to history as the "Blank Check". In order to balance the power, France and Russia signed an alliance. Russia saw itself as the 'protector